@article{van_der_bles_communicating_2019,
	title = {Communicating uncertainty about facts, numbers and science},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2054-5703, 2054-5703},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.181870},
	doi = {10.1098/rsos.181870},
	abstract = {Uncertainty is an inherent part of knowledge, and yet in an era of contested expertise, many shy away from openly communicating their uncertainty about what they know, fearful of their audience's reaction. But what effect does communication of such epistemic uncertainty have? Empirical research is widely scattered across many disciplines. This interdisciplinary review structures and summarizes current practice and research across domains, combining a statistical and psychological perspective. This informs a framework for uncertainty communication in which we identify three objects of uncertainty—facts, numbers and science—and two levels of uncertainty: direct and indirect. An examination of current practices provides a scale of nine expressions of direct uncertainty. We discuss attempts to codify indirect uncertainty in terms of quality of the underlying evidence. We review the limited literature about the effects of communicating epistemic uncertainty on cognition, affect, trust and decision-making. While there is some evidence that communicating epistemic uncertainty does not necessarily affect audiences negatively, impact can vary between individuals and communication formats. Case studies in economic statistics and climate change illustrate our framework in action. We conclude with advice to guide both communicators and future researchers in this important but so far rather neglected field.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-10-14},
	journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
	author = {van der Bles, Anne Marthe and van der Linden, Sander and Freeman, Alexandra L. J. and Mitchell, James and Galvao, Ana B. and Zaval, Lisa and Spiegelhalter, David J.},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {181870},
}

@article{schwartz_psychiatric_2019,
	title = {Psychiatric {Skepticism} in {Medical} {Education}: {Why} {We} {Need} {Philosophy}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1545-7230},
	shorttitle = {Psychiatric {Skepticism} in {Medical} {Education}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-019-01049-3},
	doi = {10.1007/s40596-019-01049-3},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-03-23},
	journal = {Academic Psychiatry},
	author = {Schwartz, Zachary H.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {461--463},
}

@incollection{steingard_toward_2019,
	address = {Cham},
	title = {Toward {Conceptual} {Competence} in {Psychiatric} {Diagnosis}: {An} {Ecological} {Model} for {Critiques} of the {DSM}},
	isbn = {978-3-030-02731-5 978-3-030-02732-2},
	shorttitle = {Toward {Conceptual} {Competence} in {Psychiatric} {Diagnosis}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-02732-2_2},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-03-18},
	booktitle = {Critical {Psychiatry}},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	author = {Karter, Justin M. and Kamens, Sarah R.},
	editor = {Steingard, Sandra},
	year = {2019},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-02732-2_2},
	pages = {17--69},
}

@article{jordan_positive_2018,
	title = {Positive {Changes} {Experienced} {After} a {First} {Episode} of {Psychosis}: {A} {Systematic} {Review}},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {1075-2730, 1557-9700},
	shorttitle = {Positive {Changes} {Experienced} {After} a {First} {Episode} of {Psychosis}},
	url = {http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.201600586},
	doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.201600586},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-04-02},
	journal = {Psychiatric Services},
	author = {Jordan, Gerald and MacDonald, Kathleen and Pope, Megan A. and Schorr, Emily and Malla, Ashok K. and Iyer, Srividya N.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000012},
	keywords = {Illness Attribution/Appraisal},
	pages = {84--99},
}

@article{aftab_didactic_2018,
	title = {A {Didactic} {Course} on “{Philosophy} of {Psychiatry}” for {Psychiatry} {Residents}},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1545-7230},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-017-0853-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s40596-017-0853-7},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-03-23},
	journal = {Academic Psychiatry},
	author = {Aftab, Awais and Nassir Ghaemi, S. and Stagno, Susan},
	month = aug,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {559--563},
}

@article{rubin_classification_2018,
	title = {The {Classification} and {Statistical} {Manual} of {Mental} {Health} {Concerns}: {A} {Proposed} {Practical} {Scientific} {Alternative} to the \textit{{DSM}} and \textit{{ICD}}},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},
	shorttitle = {The {Classification} and {Statistical} {Manual} of {Mental} {Health} {Concerns}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817718079},
	doi = {10.1177/0022167817718079},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-03-18},
	journal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},
	author = {Rubin, Jeffrey},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {93--114},
}

@article{duncan_beyond_2018,
	title = {Beyond {Critique}: {The} {Partners} for {Change} {Outcome} {Management} {System} as an {Alternative} {Paradigm} to {Psychiatric} {Diagnosis}},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},
	shorttitle = {Beyond {Critique}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817719975},
	doi = {10.1177/0022167817719975},
	abstract = {Critics claim that current psychiatric diagnostic systems lack reliability, validity, and clinical utility; are incompatible with known evidence of how change occurs in psychotherapy; are compromised by bias; and risk harmful effects for clients. This article argues that the Partners for Change Outcome Management System (PCOMS), a transparent, egalitarian process that collects and utilizes client feedback at each session, convincingly addresses these concerns. Furthermore, it suggests that PCOMS offers a viable alternative to the reimbursement and administrative functions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases. The authors propose that PCOMS represents a radical realignment of the practitioner/client relationship via full, dialogical partnership at every level of psychotherapy practice and thus constitutes a step toward a new paradigm that reconnects psychotherapy and humanistic psychology with its core relational values.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-03-18},
	journal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},
	author = {Duncan, Barry L. and Sparks, Jacqueline A. and Timimi, Sami},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {7--29},
}

@article{cooke_but_2018,
	title = {“{But} {What} {About} {Real} {Mental} {Illnesses}?” {Alternatives} to the {Disease} {Model} {Approach} to “{Schizophrenia}”},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},
	shorttitle = {“{But} {What} {About} {Real} {Mental} {Illnesses}?},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817745621},
	doi = {10.1177/0022167817745621},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-03-18},
	journal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},
	author = {Cooke, Anne and Kinderman, Peter},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {47--71},
}

@article{borsboom_network_2017,
	title = {A network theory of mental disorders},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {2051-5545},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wps.20375},
	doi = {10.1002/wps.20375},
	abstract = {In recent years, the network approach to psychopathology has been advanced as an alternative way of conceptualizing mental disorders. In this approach, mental disorders arise from direct interactions between symptoms. Although the network approach has led to many novel methodologies and substantive applications, it has not yet been fully articulated as a scientific theory of mental disorders. The present paper aims to develop such a theory, by postulating a limited set of theoretical principles regarding the structure and dynamics of symptom networks. At the heart of the theory lies the notion that symptoms of psychopathology are causally connected through myriads of biological, psychological and societal mechanisms. If these causal relations are sufficiently strong, symptoms can generate a level of feedback that renders them self-sustaining. In this case, the network can get stuck in a disorder state. The network theory holds that this is a general feature of mental disorders, which can therefore be understood as alternative stable states of strongly connected symptom networks. This idea naturally leads to a comprehensive model of psychopathology, encompassing a common explanatory model for mental disorders, as well as novel definitions of associated concepts such as mental health, resilience, vulnerability and liability. In addition, the network theory has direct implications for how to understand diagnosis and treatment, and suggests a clear agenda for future research in psychiatry and associated disciplines.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-10-13},
	journal = {World Psychiatry},
	author = {Borsboom, Denny},
	year = {2017},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000706 
\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wps.20375},
	keywords = {Psychopathology, diagnosis, mental disorders, mental health, network approach, resilience, symptom networks, treatment, vulnerability},
	pages = {5--13},
}

@article{gomory_solving_2017,
	title = {The {Solving} {Problems} in {Everyday} {Living} {Model}: {Toward} a {Demedicalized}, {Education}-{Based} {Approach} to “{Mental} {Health}”},
	issn = {0022-1678, 1552-650X},
	shorttitle = {The {Solving} {Problems} in {Everyday} {Living} {Model}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022167817722430},
	doi = {10.1177/0022167817722430},
	abstract = {We argue that human existential pain and threat may usefully be helped by a noncoercive educational approach that also resonates with many interpersonally focused psychological approaches, rather than by the widely touted current medical model of “mental health” treatment (using psychoactive drugs and supportive psychotherapy). First, the “progress” leading to the latest Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is briefly reviewed, highlighting the scientific limitations of the medical model. Next, an educational model of self-understanding and change, based on Popper’s fallibilism, Freire’s critical pedagogy, and Miller’s feedback-informed treatment is explicated. Finally, some options for funding and testing the model are discussed. We hope this offers mental health clinicians another important alternative to conceptualize the helping encounter to ameliorate personal problems in living.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-03-18},
	journal = {Journal of Humanistic Psychology},
	author = {Gomory, Tomi and Dunleavy, Daniel J. and Lieber, Angela S.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {002216781772243},
}

@article{bernini_interdisciplinarity_2014,
	title = {Interdisciplinarity as cognitive integration: auditory verbal hallucinations as a case study},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1939-5086},
	shorttitle = {Interdisciplinarity as cognitive integration},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcs.1305},
	doi = {10.1002/wcs.1305},
	abstract = {In this article, we advocate a bottom-up direction for the methodological modeling of interdisciplinary research based on concrete interactions among individuals within interdisciplinary projects. Drawing on our experience in Hearing the Voice (a cross-disciplinary project on auditory verbal hallucinations running at Durham University), we focus on the dynamic if also problematic integration of cognitive science (neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and of mind), phenomenology, and humanistic disciplines (literature, narratology, history, and theology). We propose a new model for disciplinary integration which brings to the fore an under-investigated dynamic of interdisciplinary projects, namely their being processes of distributed cognition and cognitive integration. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:603–612. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1305 This article is categorized under: Philosophy {\textgreater} Knowledge and Belief},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-06-18},
	journal = {WIREs Cognitive Science},
	author = {Bernini, Marco and Woods, Angela},
	year = {2014},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000008 
\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wcs.1305},
	keywords = {***},
	pages = {603--612},
}

@article{whooley_nosological_2014,
	title = {Nosological {Reflections}: {The} {Failure} of \textit{{DSM}} -5, the {Emergence} of {RDoC}, and the {Decontextualization} of {Mental} {Distress}},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {2156-8693, 2156-8731},
	shorttitle = {Nosological {Reflections}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2156869313519114},
	doi = {10.1177/2156869313519114},
	abstract = {Since the establishment of the symptoms-based categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Third Edition, sociologists have raised concerns about the DSM’s failure to appreciate social, contextual factors when defining mental disorders. The author describes recent developments in psychiatric nosology—the DSM-5 revision process and the emergence of the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)—and then considers their implications for decontextualization. Drawing on in-depth interviews with psychiatrists involved in the DSM-5 controversy and a content analysis of key documents, the author first recounts the ambitious DSM-5 revisions, illuminating the DSM-5 Task Force’s embrace of dimensionalization as a solution to the problem of validity and the ultimate rejection of this ‘‘paradigm shift’’ by psychiatrists. The Task Force’s failures prompted the National Institute of Mental Health to promote RDoC as an alternative nosological framework that eschews DSM categories altogether. Next, the author explores the ramifications of these events for decontextualization, which neither DSM-5 nor RDoC explicitly addresses, demonstrating how RDoC is poised to escalate decontextualization through its brain-centric conceptualization of mental disorders. To counteract these developments, sociologists should continue to promote ways of defining mental distress that underscore its social embeddedness.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-03-18},
	journal = {Society and Mental Health},
	author = {Whooley, Owen},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {92--110},
}

@article{timimi_no_2014,
	title = {No more psychiatric labels: {Why} formal psychiatric diagnostic systems should be abolished},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {16972600},
	shorttitle = {No more psychiatric labels},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S169726001400009X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.03.004},
	abstract = {This article argues that psychiatric diagnoses are not valid or useful. The use of psychiatric diagnosis increases stigma, does not aid treatment decisions, is associated with worsening long-term prognosis for mental health problems, and imposes Western beliefs about mental distress on other cultures. This article reviews the evidence base focusing in particular on empirical findings in relation to the topics of: aetiology, validity, reliability, treatment and outcome, prognosis, colonialism, and cultural and public policy impact. This evidence points toward diagnostic based frameworks for understanding and intervening in mental health difficulties being unable to either improve our scientific knowledge or improve outcomes in clinical practice and suggests that we need to move away from reliance on diagnostic based approaches for organising research and service delivery. Alternative evidence-based models for organising effective mental health care are available. Therefore formal psychiatric diagnostic systems such as the mental health section of the International Classification of Diseases Tenth Edition (ICD-10) and Diagnostic Statistical Manual Fifth Edition (DSM 5) should be abolished.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-03-18},
	journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology},
	author = {Timimi, Sami},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {208--215},
}

@article{lakeman_-diagnosing_2014,
	title = {Un-diagnosing mental illness in the process of helping},
	volume = {21},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	author = {Lakeman, Richard and Emeleus, Mary},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {9},
}

@article{ferguson_merging_2012,
	title = {Merging the {Fields} of {Mental} {Health} and {Social} {Enterprise}: {Lessons} from {Abroad} and {Cumulative} {Findings} from {Research} with {Homeless} {Youths}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0010-3853, 1573-2789},
	shorttitle = {Merging the {Fields} of {Mental} {Health} and {Social} {Enterprise}},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10597-011-9440-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s10597-011-9440-7},
	abstract = {Despite the growing integration of supported employment within the mental health system in the United States as well as the widespread use of social enterprises abroad, the fields of mental health and social enterprises remain largely separate in the USA. The mental health field currently lacks a response that strengthens homeless youths’ existing human and social capital, provides them with marketable job skills and employment, and impacts their mental health. To address this gap, this paper establishes a case for using social enterprises with homeless youths, drawing on both global precedents and findings from a mixed-methods study of a social enterprise intervention with homeless youths. Recommendations are offered for how to integrate social enterprises with mental health treatment as well as how to evaluate their impact on mental health outcomes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-03-19},
	journal = {Community Mental Health Journal},
	author = {Ferguson, Kristin M.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {490--502},
}

@article{thomas_anomalies_2012,
	title = {The anomalies of evidence‐based medicine in psychiatry: time to rethink the basis of mental health practice},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1361-9322},
	shorttitle = {The anomalies of evidence‐based medicine in psychiatry},
	url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/13619321211287265/full/html},
	doi = {10.1108/13619321211287265},
	abstract = {Purpose – Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is a technical and scientific paradigm in clinical practice that has delivered major improvements in the outcome of care in medicine and surgery. However, its value in psychiatry is much less clear. The purpose of the paper is thus to examine its value by subjecting empirical evidence from EBM to a conceptual analysis using the philosophy of Thomas Kuhn. Design/methodology/approach – The authors examine evidence drawn from meta-analyses of RCTs investigating the efficacy of specific treatments for depression in the form of antidepressant drugs and CBT. This shows that the non-specific aspects of treatment, the placebo effect and the quality of the therapeutic alliance as seen by the patient, are more important in determining outcome than the specific elements (active drug, specific therapeutic elements of CBT).},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-03-18},
	journal = {Mental Health Review Journal},
	author = {Thomas, Philip and Bracken, Pat and Timimi, Sami},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {clinical medicine, depression, evidence-based medicine, mental illness, recovery},
	pages = {152--162},
}

@incollection{milton_understanding_2010,
	address = {Chichester, UK},
	title = {Understanding {Human} {Distress}: {Moving} beyond the {Concept} of ‘{Psychopathology}’},
	isbn = {978-0-470-66727-9 978-0-470-71547-5},
	shorttitle = {Understanding {Human} {Distress}},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9780470667279.ch4},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-03-18},
	booktitle = {Therapy and {Beyond}},
	publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	author = {Milton, Martin and Craven, Mark and Coyle, Adrian},
	editor = {Milton, Martin},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	doi = {10.1002/9780470667279.ch4},
	pages = {57--72},
}

@article{de_vreese_explanatory_2010,
	title = {Explanatory pluralism in the medical sciences: {Theory} and practice},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {1386-7415, 1573-1200},
	shorttitle = {Explanatory pluralism in the medical sciences},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11017-010-9156-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s11017-010-9156-7},
	abstract = {Explanatory pluralism is the view that the best form and level of explanation depends on the kind of question one seeks to answer by the explanation, and that in order to answer all questions in the best way possible, we need more than one form and level of explanation. In the first part of this article, we argue that explanatory pluralism holds for the medical sciences, at least in theory. However, in the second part of the article we show that medical research and practice is actually not fully and truly explanatory pluralist yet. Although the literature demonstrates a slowly growing interest in non-reductive explanations in medicine, the dominant approach in medicine is still methodologically reductionist. This implies that non-reductive explanations often do not get the attention they deserve. We argue that the field of medicine could benefit greatly by reconsidering its reductive tendencies and becoming fully and truly explanatory pluralist. Nonetheless, trying to achieve the right balance in the search for and application of reductive and non-reductive explanations will in any case be a difficult exercise.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-03-18},
	journal = {Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics},
	author = {De Vreese, Leen and Weber, Erik and Van Bouwel, Jeroen},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {371--390},
}

@article{reese_does_2009,
	title = {Does a continuous feedback system improve psychotherapy outcome?},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1939-1536, 0033-3204},
	url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0017901},
	doi = {10.1037/a0017901},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-04-02},
	journal = {Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training},
	author = {Reese, Robert J. and Norsworthy, Larry A. and Rowlands, Steve R.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000290},
	pages = {418--431},
}

@incollection{jenkins_schizophrenia_2003,
	edition = {1},
	title = {Schizophrenia as a {Paradigm} {Case} for {Understanding} {Fundamental} {Human} {Processes}},
	isbn = {978-0-521-82955-7 978-0-521-53641-7 978-0-511-61629-7},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511616297A012/type/book_part},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-03-20},
	booktitle = {Schizophrenia, {Culture}, and {Subjectivity}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Jenkins, Janis Hunter},
	editor = {Jenkins, Janis Hunter and Barrett, Robert John},
	month = nov,
	year = {2003},
	doi = {10.1017/CBO9780511616297.004},
	pages = {29--61},
}

@article{ross_explanation_nodate,
	title = {Explanation in {Contexts} of {Causal} {Complexity}: {Lessons} from {Psychiatric} {Genetics}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Ross, Lauren N},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000001},
	pages = {19},
}

@article{bracken_szasz_nodate,
	title = {From {Szasz} to {Foucault}: {On} the {Role} of {Critical} {Psychiatry}},
	abstract = {In this article, we examine the different ways in which Thomas Szasz and Michel Foucault have challenged dominant perspectives within psychiatry. We identify, analyze, and compare the central elements of their respective discourses on psychiatry and show that although they are often bracketed together, in fact there are certain fundamental differences between Szasz and Foucault. Of most importance is their contrasting ways of characterizing the nature and role of critical thought. Whereas Szasz’s analysis is predicated on a number of binary distinctions, Foucault works to overcome such distinctions. In the past ten years, a new movement of critical psychiatry has emerged. Although this shares certain concerns with the critical psychiatry of the 1960s and 1970s, there are substantial differences. We argue that this discourse is more resonant with the Foucauldian approach.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Bracken, Pat and Thomas, Philip},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000082},
	pages = {11},
}

@article{meddings_service_nodate,
	title = {From {Service} {User} to {Student} – {The} {Benefits} of {Recovery} {College}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Meddings, Sara and Campbell, Emogen and Guglietti, Shannon and Lambe, Hazel and Locks, Lucy and Byrne, Diana and Whittington, Adrian},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000028},
	pages = {9},
}

@article{maj_keeping_nodate,
	title = {Keeping an open attitude towards the {RDoC} project},
	language = {en},
	author = {Maj, Mario},
	pages = {108},
}