@article{myers_sensorimotor_2020,
	title = {Sensorimotor {Integration} {Can} {Enhance} {Auditory} {Perception}},
	volume = {10},
	copyright = {2020 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-58447-z},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-58447-z},
	abstract = {Whenever we move, speak, or play musical instruments, our actions generate auditory sensory input. The sensory consequences of our actions are thought to be predicted via sensorimotor integration, which involves anatomical and functional links between auditory and motor brain regions. The physiological connections are relatively well established, but less is known about how sensorimotor integration affects auditory perception. The sensory attenuation hypothesis suggests that the perceived loudness of self-generated sounds is attenuated to help distinguish self-generated sounds from ambient sounds. Sensory attenuation would work for louder ambient sounds, but could lead to less accurate perception if the ambient sounds were quieter. We hypothesize that a key function of sensorimotor integration is the facilitated processing of self-generated sounds, leading to more accurate perception under most conditions. The sensory attenuation hypothesis predicts better performance for higher but not lower intensity comparisons, whereas sensory facilitation predicts improved perception regardless of comparison sound intensity. A series of experiments tested these hypotheses, with results supporting the enhancement hypothesis. Overall, people were more accurate at comparing the loudness of two sounds when making one of the sounds themselves. We propose that the brain selectively modulates the perception of self-generated sounds to enhance representations of action consequences.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-10-06},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Myers, John C. and Mock, Jeffrey R. and Golob, Edward J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000000 
Number: 1
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {1496},
}

Whenever we move, speak, or play musical instruments, our actions generate auditory sensory input. The sensory consequences of our actions are thought to be predicted via sensorimotor integration, which involves anatomical and functional links between auditory and motor brain regions. The physiological connections are relatively well established, but less is known about how sensorimotor integration affects auditory perception. The sensory attenuation hypothesis suggests that the perceived loudness of self-generated sounds is attenuated to help distinguish self-generated sounds from ambient sounds. Sensory attenuation would work for louder ambient sounds, but could lead to less accurate perception if the ambient sounds were quieter. We hypothesize that a key function of sensorimotor integration is the facilitated processing of self-generated sounds, leading to more accurate perception under most conditions. The sensory attenuation hypothesis predicts better performance for higher but not lower intensity comparisons, whereas sensory facilitation predicts improved perception regardless of comparison sound intensity. A series of experiments tested these hypotheses, with results supporting the enhancement hypothesis. Overall, people were more accurate at comparing the loudness of two sounds when making one of the sounds themselves. We propose that the brain selectively modulates the perception of self-generated sounds to enhance representations of action consequences.

@article{kiverstein_free_2020,
	title = {Free {Energy} and the {Self}: {An} {Ecological}–{Enactive} {Interpretation}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1572-8749},
	shorttitle = {Free {Energy} and the {Self}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11245-018-9561-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s11245-018-9561-5},
	abstract = {According to the free energy principle all living systems aim to minimise free energy in their sensory exchanges with the environment. Processes of free energy minimisation are thus ubiquitous in the biological world. Indeed it has been argued that even plants engage in free energy minimisation. Not all living things however feel alive. How then did the feeling of being alive get started? In line with the arguments of the phenomenologists, I will claim that every feeling must be felt by someone. It must have mineness built into it if it is to feel a particular way. The question I take up in this paper asks how mineness might have arisen out of processes of free energy minimisation, given that many systems that keep themselves alive lack mineness. The hypothesis I develop in this paper is that the life of an organism can be seen as an inferential process. Every living system embodies a probability distribution conditioned on a model of the sensory, physiological, and morphological states that are highly probably given the life it leads and the niche it inhabits. I argue for an ecological and enactive interpretation of free energy. I show how once the life of an organism reaches a certain level of complexity mineness emerges as an intrinsic part of the process of life itself.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-10-06},
	journal = {Topoi},
	author = {Kiverstein, Julian},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000014},
	pages = {559--574},
}

According to the free energy principle all living systems aim to minimise free energy in their sensory exchanges with the environment. Processes of free energy minimisation are thus ubiquitous in the biological world. Indeed it has been argued that even plants engage in free energy minimisation. Not all living things however feel alive. How then did the feeling of being alive get started? In line with the arguments of the phenomenologists, I will claim that every feeling must be felt by someone. It must have mineness built into it if it is to feel a particular way. The question I take up in this paper asks how mineness might have arisen out of processes of free energy minimisation, given that many systems that keep themselves alive lack mineness. The hypothesis I develop in this paper is that the life of an organism can be seen as an inferential process. Every living system embodies a probability distribution conditioned on a model of the sensory, physiological, and morphological states that are highly probably given the life it leads and the niche it inhabits. I argue for an ecological and enactive interpretation of free energy. I show how once the life of an organism reaches a certain level of complexity mineness emerges as an intrinsic part of the process of life itself.

@article{di_paolo_enactive_2020,
	title = {Enactive becoming},
	issn = {1572-8676},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-019-09654-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s11097-019-09654-1},
	abstract = {The enactive approach provides a perspective on human bodies in their organic, sensorimotor, social, and linguistic dimensions, but many fundamental issues still remain unaddressed. A crucial desideratum for a theory of human bodies is that it be able to account for concrete human becoming. In this article I show that enactive theory possesses resources to achieve this goal. Being an existential structure, human becoming is best approached by a series of progressive formal indications. I discuss three standpoints on human becoming as open, indeterminate, and therefore historical using the voices of Pico della Mirandola, Gordon W. Allport, and Paulo Freire. Drawing on Gilbert Simondon’s philosophy of individuation we move from an existential to an ontological register in looking at modes of embodied becoming. His scheme of interpretation of the relation between modes of individuation allows us to understand human becoming in terms of a tendency to neotenization. I compare this ontology with an enactive theoretical account of the dimensions of embodiment, finding several compatibilities and complementarities. Various forms of bodily unfinishedness in enaction fit the Simondonian ontology and the existential analysis, where transindividuality corresponds to participatory sense-making and Freire’s joint becoming of individuals and communities correlates with the open tensions in linguistic bodies between incorporation and incarnation of linguistic acts. I test some of this ideas by considering the plausibility of artificial bodies and personal becoming from an enactive perspective, using the case of replicants in the film Blade Runner. The conclusion is that any kind of personhood, replicants included, requires living through an actual history of concrete becoming.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-08-24},
	journal = {Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences},
	author = {Di Paolo, Ezequiel A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Communities, Enaction, Gilbert Simondon, Human becoming, Individuality, Replicants},
}

The enactive approach provides a perspective on human bodies in their organic, sensorimotor, social, and linguistic dimensions, but many fundamental issues still remain unaddressed. A crucial desideratum for a theory of human bodies is that it be able to account for concrete human becoming. In this article I show that enactive theory possesses resources to achieve this goal. Being an existential structure, human becoming is best approached by a series of progressive formal indications. I discuss three standpoints on human becoming as open, indeterminate, and therefore historical using the voices of Pico della Mirandola, Gordon W. Allport, and Paulo Freire. Drawing on Gilbert Simondon’s philosophy of individuation we move from an existential to an ontological register in looking at modes of embodied becoming. His scheme of interpretation of the relation between modes of individuation allows us to understand human becoming in terms of a tendency to neotenization. I compare this ontology with an enactive theoretical account of the dimensions of embodiment, finding several compatibilities and complementarities. Various forms of bodily unfinishedness in enaction fit the Simondonian ontology and the existential analysis, where transindividuality corresponds to participatory sense-making and Freire’s joint becoming of individuals and communities correlates with the open tensions in linguistic bodies between incorporation and incarnation of linguistic acts. I test some of this ideas by considering the plausibility of artificial bodies and personal becoming from an enactive perspective, using the case of replicants in the film Blade Runner. The conclusion is that any kind of personhood, replicants included, requires living through an actual history of concrete becoming.

@inproceedings{wang_causal_2020,
	title = {Causal inference in degenerate systems: {An} impossibility result},
	shorttitle = {Causal inference in degenerate systems},
	url = {http://proceedings.mlr.press/v108/wang20i.html},
	abstract = {Causal relationships among variables are commonly represented via directed acyclic graphs. There are many methods in the literature to quantify the strength of arrows in a causal acyclic graph. The...},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-08-20},
	booktitle = {International {Conference} on {Artificial} {Intelligence} and {Statistics}},
	publisher = {PMLR},
	author = {Wang, Yue and Wang, Linbo},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000000 
ISSN: 2640-3498},
	pages = {3383--3392},
}

Causal relationships among variables are commonly represented via directed acyclic graphs. There are many methods in the literature to quantify the strength of arrows in a causal acyclic graph. The...

@article{judge_identifying_2020,
	title = {Identifying {Polyhedra} {Enabling} {Memorable} {Strategic} {Mapping}},
	url = {https://www.laetusinpraesens.org/docs10s/polypoly.php},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-06-24},
	author = {Judge, Anthony},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]},
}

@article{haberl_contributions_2019,
	title = {Contributions of sociometabolic research to sustainability science},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2398-9629},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0225-2},
	doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0225-2},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-10-06},
	journal = {Nature Sustainability},
	author = {Haberl, Helmut and Wiedenhofer, Dominik and Pauliuk, Stefan and Krausmann, Fridolin and Müller, Daniel B. and Fischer-Kowalski, Marina},
	month = mar,
	year = {2019},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000048},
	pages = {173--184},
}

@article{kirchhoff_markov_2018,
	title = {The {Markov} blankets of life: autonomy, active inference and the free energy principle},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1742-5689, 1742-5662},
	shorttitle = {The {Markov} blankets of life},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2017.0792},
	doi = {10.1098/rsif.2017.0792},
	language = {en},
	number = {138},
	urldate = {2020-06-18},
	journal = {Journal of The Royal Society Interface},
	author = {Kirchhoff, Michael and Parr, Thomas and Palacios, Ensor and Friston, Karl and Kiverstein, Julian},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000103},
	pages = {20170792},
}

@article{borsboom_network_2017,
	title = {A network theory of mental disorders},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {2051-5545},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wps.20375},
	doi = {10.1002/wps.20375},
	abstract = {In recent years, the network approach to psychopathology has been advanced as an alternative way of conceptualizing mental disorders. In this approach, mental disorders arise from direct interactions between symptoms. Although the network approach has led to many novel methodologies and substantive applications, it has not yet been fully articulated as a scientific theory of mental disorders. The present paper aims to develop such a theory, by postulating a limited set of theoretical principles regarding the structure and dynamics of symptom networks. At the heart of the theory lies the notion that symptoms of psychopathology are causally connected through myriads of biological, psychological and societal mechanisms. If these causal relations are sufficiently strong, symptoms can generate a level of feedback that renders them self-sustaining. In this case, the network can get stuck in a disorder state. The network theory holds that this is a general feature of mental disorders, which can therefore be understood as alternative stable states of strongly connected symptom networks. This idea naturally leads to a comprehensive model of psychopathology, encompassing a common explanatory model for mental disorders, as well as novel definitions of associated concepts such as mental health, resilience, vulnerability and liability. In addition, the network theory has direct implications for how to understand diagnosis and treatment, and suggests a clear agenda for future research in psychiatry and associated disciplines.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-10-13},
	journal = {World Psychiatry},
	author = {Borsboom, Denny},
	year = {2017},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000706 
\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wps.20375},
	keywords = {Psychopathology, diagnosis, mental disorders, mental health, network approach, resilience, symptom networks, treatment, vulnerability},
	pages = {5--13},
}

In recent years, the network approach to psychopathology has been advanced as an alternative way of conceptualizing mental disorders. In this approach, mental disorders arise from direct interactions between symptoms. Although the network approach has led to many novel methodologies and substantive applications, it has not yet been fully articulated as a scientific theory of mental disorders. The present paper aims to develop such a theory, by postulating a limited set of theoretical principles regarding the structure and dynamics of symptom networks. At the heart of the theory lies the notion that symptoms of psychopathology are causally connected through myriads of biological, psychological and societal mechanisms. If these causal relations are sufficiently strong, symptoms can generate a level of feedback that renders them self-sustaining. In this case, the network can get stuck in a disorder state. The network theory holds that this is a general feature of mental disorders, which can therefore be understood as alternative stable states of strongly connected symptom networks. This idea naturally leads to a comprehensive model of psychopathology, encompassing a common explanatory model for mental disorders, as well as novel definitions of associated concepts such as mental health, resilience, vulnerability and liability. In addition, the network theory has direct implications for how to understand diagnosis and treatment, and suggests a clear agenda for future research in psychiatry and associated disciplines.

@article{ahnaou_cortical_2014,
	title = {Cortical {EEG} oscillations and network connectivity as efficacy indices for assessing drugs with cognition enhancing potential},
	volume = {86},
	issn = {0028-3908},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390814002986},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.08.015},
	abstract = {Synchronization of electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations represents a core mechanism for cortical and subcortical networks, and disturbance in neural synchrony underlies cognitive processing deficits in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we investigated the effects of cognition enhancers (donepezil, rivastigmine, tacrine, galantamine and memantine), which are approved for symptomatic treatment of dementia, on EEG oscillations and network connectivity in conscious rats chronically instrumented with epidural electrodes in different cortical areas. Next, EEG network indices of cognitive impairments with the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine were modeled. Lastly, we examined the efficacy of cognition enhancers to normalize those aberrant oscillations. Cognition enhancers elicited systematic (“fingerprint”) enhancement of cortical slow theta (4.5–6 Hz) and gamma (30.5–50 Hz) oscillations correlated with lower activity levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a compact cluster that corresponds to shared underlying mechanisms as compared to different drug classes. Functional network connectivity revealed consistent elevated coherent slow theta activity in parieto-occipital and between interhemispheric cortical areas. In rats instrumented with depth hippocampal CA1-CA3 electrodes, donepezil elicited similar oscillatory and coherent activities in cortico-hippocampal networks. When combined with scopolamine, the cognition enhancers attenuated the leftward shift in coherent slow delta activity. Such a consistent shift in EEG coherence into slow oscillations associated with altered slow theta and gamma oscillations may underlie cognitive deficits in scopolamine-treated animals, whereas enhanced coherent slow theta and gamma activity may be a relevant mechanism by which cognition enhancers exert their beneficial effect on plasticity and cognitive processes. The findings underscore that PCA and network connectivity are valuable tools to assess efficacy of novel therapeutic drugs with cognition enhancing potential.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-06},
	journal = {Neuropharmacology},
	author = {Ahnaou, A. and Huysmans, H. and Jacobs, T. and Drinkenburg, W. H. I. M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000048},
	keywords = {Animal model, Cognition enhancers, Coherent functional network, EEG oscillations, Neurodegenerative disorders, Translational biomarker},
	pages = {362--377},
}

Synchronization of electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations represents a core mechanism for cortical and subcortical networks, and disturbance in neural synchrony underlies cognitive processing deficits in neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we investigated the effects of cognition enhancers (donepezil, rivastigmine, tacrine, galantamine and memantine), which are approved for symptomatic treatment of dementia, on EEG oscillations and network connectivity in conscious rats chronically instrumented with epidural electrodes in different cortical areas. Next, EEG network indices of cognitive impairments with the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine were modeled. Lastly, we examined the efficacy of cognition enhancers to normalize those aberrant oscillations. Cognition enhancers elicited systematic (“fingerprint”) enhancement of cortical slow theta (4.5–6 Hz) and gamma (30.5–50 Hz) oscillations correlated with lower activity levels. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a compact cluster that corresponds to shared underlying mechanisms as compared to different drug classes. Functional network connectivity revealed consistent elevated coherent slow theta activity in parieto-occipital and between interhemispheric cortical areas. In rats instrumented with depth hippocampal CA1-CA3 electrodes, donepezil elicited similar oscillatory and coherent activities in cortico-hippocampal networks. When combined with scopolamine, the cognition enhancers attenuated the leftward shift in coherent slow delta activity. Such a consistent shift in EEG coherence into slow oscillations associated with altered slow theta and gamma oscillations may underlie cognitive deficits in scopolamine-treated animals, whereas enhanced coherent slow theta and gamma activity may be a relevant mechanism by which cognition enhancers exert their beneficial effect on plasticity and cognitive processes. The findings underscore that PCA and network connectivity are valuable tools to assess efficacy of novel therapeutic drugs with cognition enhancing potential.

@article{bernini_interdisciplinarity_2014,
	title = {Interdisciplinarity as cognitive integration: auditory verbal hallucinations as a case study},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1939-5086},
	shorttitle = {Interdisciplinarity as cognitive integration},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcs.1305},
	doi = {10.1002/wcs.1305},
	abstract = {In this article, we advocate a bottom-up direction for the methodological modeling of interdisciplinary research based on concrete interactions among individuals within interdisciplinary projects. Drawing on our experience in Hearing the Voice (a cross-disciplinary project on auditory verbal hallucinations running at Durham University), we focus on the dynamic if also problematic integration of cognitive science (neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and of mind), phenomenology, and humanistic disciplines (literature, narratology, history, and theology). We propose a new model for disciplinary integration which brings to the fore an under-investigated dynamic of interdisciplinary projects, namely their being processes of distributed cognition and cognitive integration. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:603–612. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1305 This article is categorized under: Philosophy {\textgreater} Knowledge and Belief},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-06-18},
	journal = {WIREs Cognitive Science},
	author = {Bernini, Marco and Woods, Angela},
	year = {2014},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000008 
\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wcs.1305},
	keywords = {***},
	pages = {603--612},
}

In this article, we advocate a bottom-up direction for the methodological modeling of interdisciplinary research based on concrete interactions among individuals within interdisciplinary projects. Drawing on our experience in Hearing the Voice (a cross-disciplinary project on auditory verbal hallucinations running at Durham University), we focus on the dynamic if also problematic integration of cognitive science (neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and of mind), phenomenology, and humanistic disciplines (literature, narratology, history, and theology). We propose a new model for disciplinary integration which brings to the fore an under-investigated dynamic of interdisciplinary projects, namely their being processes of distributed cognition and cognitive integration. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:603–612. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1305 This article is categorized under: Philosophy \textgreater Knowledge and Belief

@article{garland_transdiagnostic_2014,
	title = {A {Transdiagnostic} {Perspective} on {Cognitive}, {Affective}, and {Neurobiological} {Processes} {Underlying} {Human} {Suffering}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1049-7315, 1552-7581},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049731513503909},
	doi = {10.1177/1049731513503909},
	abstract = {The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases classify mental health disorders on the basis of their putatively distinct symptom profiles. Although these nosologies are highly influential, they also have been derided as mere ‘‘field guides’’ because they focus solely on the superficial symptomatic expression of psychiatric syndromes rather than on the commonalities underlying psychiatric disorders. Recently, an alternative transdiagnostic perspective has emerged. This review addresses transdiagnostic processes that underlie a wide range of psychosocial problems commonly addressed by social work practitioners. First, we describe how the transdiagnostic perspective differs from categorical views of psychopathology and accords more closely with scientific evidence. Next, we review current experimental psychopathology and neuroscience research to detail the cognitive, affective, and neurobiological features of five transdiagnostic processes. Finally, we discuss how the transdiagnostic perspective may improve therapeutic outcomes and guide the implementation of targeted social work interventions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-03-19},
	journal = {Research on Social Work Practice},
	author = {Garland, Eric L. and Howard, Matthew O.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {142--151},
}

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases classify mental health disorders on the basis of their putatively distinct symptom profiles. Although these nosologies are highly influential, they also have been derided as mere ‘‘field guides’’ because they focus solely on the superficial symptomatic expression of psychiatric syndromes rather than on the commonalities underlying psychiatric disorders. Recently, an alternative transdiagnostic perspective has emerged. This review addresses transdiagnostic processes that underlie a wide range of psychosocial problems commonly addressed by social work practitioners. First, we describe how the transdiagnostic perspective differs from categorical views of psychopathology and accords more closely with scientific evidence. Next, we review current experimental psychopathology and neuroscience research to detail the cognitive, affective, and neurobiological features of five transdiagnostic processes. Finally, we discuss how the transdiagnostic perspective may improve therapeutic outcomes and guide the implementation of targeted social work interventions.

@book{dawson_mind_2013,
	address = {Edmonton},
	series = {{OPEL}},
	title = {Mind, body, world: foundations of cognitive science},
	isbn = {978-1-927356-17-3},
	shorttitle = {Mind, body, world},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {AU Press},
	author = {Dawson, Michael R. W.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000053 
OCLC: 868337659},
}

@article{urban_developmental_2011,
	title = {Developmental {Systems} {Science}: {Exploring} the {Application} of {Systems} {Science} {Methods} to {Developmental} {Science} {Questions}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {1542-7609},
	shorttitle = {Developmental {Systems} {Science}},
	url = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15427609.2011.549686},
	doi = {10.1080/15427609.2011.549686},
	abstract = {Developmental science theorists fully acknowledge the wide array of complex interactions between biology, behavior, and environment that together give rise to development. However, despite this conceptual understanding of development as a system, developmental science has not fully applied analytic methods commensurate with this systems perspective. This paper provides a brief introduction to systems science, an approach to problem-solving that involves the use of methods especially equipped to handle complex relationships and their evolution over time. Moreover, we provide a rationale for why and how these methods can serve the needs of the developmental science research community. A variety of developmental science theories are reviewed and the need for systems science methodologies is demonstrated. This is followed by an abridged primer on systems science terminology and concepts, with specific attention to how these concepts relate to similar concepts in developmental science. Finally, an illustrative example is presented to demonstrate the utility of systems science methodologies. We hope that this article inspires developmental scientists to learn more about systems science methodologies and to begin to use them in their work.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-05},
	journal = {Research in Human Development},
	author = {Urban, Jennifer Brown and Osgood, Nathaniel and Mabry, Patricia},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000057},
	pages = {1--25},
}

Developmental science theorists fully acknowledge the wide array of complex interactions between biology, behavior, and environment that together give rise to development. However, despite this conceptual understanding of development as a system, developmental science has not fully applied analytic methods commensurate with this systems perspective. This paper provides a brief introduction to systems science, an approach to problem-solving that involves the use of methods especially equipped to handle complex relationships and their evolution over time. Moreover, we provide a rationale for why and how these methods can serve the needs of the developmental science research community. A variety of developmental science theories are reviewed and the need for systems science methodologies is demonstrated. This is followed by an abridged primer on systems science terminology and concepts, with specific attention to how these concepts relate to similar concepts in developmental science. Finally, an illustrative example is presented to demonstrate the utility of systems science methodologies. We hope that this article inspires developmental scientists to learn more about systems science methodologies and to begin to use them in their work.

@article{hannah_multilevel_2009,
	title = {A multilevel approach to building and leading learning organizations},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {10489843},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1048984308001604},
	doi = {10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.11.003},
	abstract = {A multilevel model is offered proposing that organizational learning is an interdependent system where effective leaders enact intervention strategies at the individual (micro), network (meso), and systems (macro) levels. We suggest that leaders approach organizational learning by setting the conditions and structure for learning to occur, while limiting direct interference in the actual creative processes. First, leaders may increase the level of developmental readiness of individual followers, thereby increasing their motivation and ability to approach learning experiences and adapt their mental models. These individuals then serve as catalysts of learning within and between social networks. Second, leaders may promote the diffusion of knowledge between these knowledge catalysts within and across social networks through influencing both the structure and functioning of knowledge networks. Finally, leaders may target actions at the systems level to improve the diffusion to, and institutionalization of, knowledge to the larger organization.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-05},
	journal = {The Leadership Quarterly},
	author = {Hannah, Sean T. and Lester, Paul B.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000313},
	pages = {34--48},
}

A multilevel model is offered proposing that organizational learning is an interdependent system where effective leaders enact intervention strategies at the individual (micro), network (meso), and systems (macro) levels. We suggest that leaders approach organizational learning by setting the conditions and structure for learning to occur, while limiting direct interference in the actual creative processes. First, leaders may increase the level of developmental readiness of individual followers, thereby increasing their motivation and ability to approach learning experiences and adapt their mental models. These individuals then serve as catalysts of learning within and between social networks. Second, leaders may promote the diffusion of knowledge between these knowledge catalysts within and across social networks through influencing both the structure and functioning of knowledge networks. Finally, leaders may target actions at the systems level to improve the diffusion to, and institutionalization of, knowledge to the larger organization.

@article{reese_does_2009,
	title = {Does a continuous feedback system improve psychotherapy outcome?},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1939-1536, 0033-3204},
	url = {http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/a0017901},
	doi = {10.1037/a0017901},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-04-02},
	journal = {Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training},
	author = {Reese, Robert J. and Norsworthy, Larry A. and Rowlands, Steve R.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000290},
	pages = {418--431},
}

@article{nelson_cosmology_2006,
	title = {A {Cosmology} for a {Different} {Computer} {Universe}: {Data} {Model}, {Mechanisms}, {Virtual} {Machine} and {Visualization} {Infrastructure}},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {Copyright (c)},
	issn = {1368-7506},
	shorttitle = {A {Cosmology} for a {Different} {Computer} {Universe}},
	url = {https://journals.tdl.org/jodi/index.php/jodi/article/view/131},
	abstract = {The computing world is based on one principal system of conventions -- the simulation of hierarchy and the simulation of paper. The article introduces an entirely different system of conventions for data and computing.  zzstructure is a generalized representation for all data and a new set of mechanisms for all computing. The article provides a reference description of zzstructure and what we hope to build on it.

From orthogonally connected data items (zzcells) and untyped connections (zzlinks), we build a cross-connected fabric of data (zzstructure) that is visualizable, interactive, and programmable.

zzstructure does not have a canonical string representation, as is usual. It is essentially spatial. It is based on criss-crossed lists of cells which are assigned to dimensions. Along these dimensions the cells are viewable, traversible, and subject to operations.

This leads to programming mechanisms built on this fabric; a virtual interactive machine (zzvim) built on these mechanisms; new visualization techniques built on the data fabric and mechanisms; and proposed new formats for the general representation of documents and arbitrary structure -- perhaps less biased than XML.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-06},
	journal = {Journal of Digital Information},
	author = {Nelson, Theodor Holm},
	month = mar,
	year = {2006},
	note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] 
Number: 1},
}

The computing world is based on one principal system of conventions – the simulation of hierarchy and the simulation of paper. The article introduces an entirely different system of conventions for data and computing. zzstructure is a generalized representation for all data and a new set of mechanisms for all computing. The article provides a reference description of zzstructure and what we hope to build on it. From orthogonally connected data items (zzcells) and untyped connections (zzlinks), we build a cross-connected fabric of data (zzstructure) that is visualizable, interactive, and programmable. zzstructure does not have a canonical string representation, as is usual. It is essentially spatial. It is based on criss-crossed lists of cells which are assigned to dimensions. Along these dimensions the cells are viewable, traversible, and subject to operations. This leads to programming mechanisms built on this fabric; a virtual interactive machine (zzvim) built on these mechanisms; new visualization techniques built on the data fabric and mechanisms; and proposed new formats for the general representation of documents and arbitrary structure – perhaps less biased than XML.

@article{torrance_search_2005,
	title = {In search of the enactive: {Introduction} to special issue on enactive experience},
	volume = {4},
	issn = {1568-7759, 1572-8676},
	shorttitle = {In search of the enactive},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11097-005-9004-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s11097-005-9004-9},
	abstract = {In the decade and a half since the appearance of Varela, Thompson and Rosch’s work The Embodied Mind, enactivism has helped to put experience and consciousness, conceived of in a distinctive way, at the forefront of cognitive science. There are at least two major strands within the enactive perspective: a broad view of what it is to be an agent with a mind; and a more focused account of the nature of perception and perceptual experience. The relation between these two strands is discussed, with an overview of the papers presented in this volume.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-06-05},
	journal = {Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences},
	author = {Torrance, Steve},
	month = dec,
	year = {2005},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000098},
	pages = {357--368},
}

In the decade and a half since the appearance of Varela, Thompson and Rosch’s work The Embodied Mind, enactivism has helped to put experience and consciousness, conceived of in a distinctive way, at the forefront of cognitive science. There are at least two major strands within the enactive perspective: a broad view of what it is to be an agent with a mind; and a more focused account of the nature of perception and perceptual experience. The relation between these two strands is discussed, with an overview of the papers presented in this volume.

@article{rudrauf_autopoiesis_2003,
	title = {From autopoiesis to neurophenomenology: {Francisco} {Varela}'s exploration of the biophysics of being},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {0716-9760},
	shorttitle = {From autopoiesis to neurophenomenology},
	url = {http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-97602003000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en},
	doi = {10.4067/S0716-97602003000100005},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-05},
	journal = {Biological Research},
	author = {Rudrauf, David and Lutz, Antoine and Cosmelli, Diego and Lachaux, Jean-Philippe and Le Van Quyen, Michel},
	year = {2003},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000281},
	keywords = {***, autonomous systems, brain dynamics, consciousness, embodiment, francisco varela, neurophenomenology},
}

@article{johnson_beers_nodate,
	title = {Beer’s {Viable} {System} {Model} and {Luhmann}’s {Communication} {Theory}: “{Organizations}” from the {Perspective} of {Metagames}},
	abstract = {Beyond the descriptions of ‘viability’ provided by Beer’s Viable System Model, Maturana’s autopoietic theory or Luhmann’s communication theory, questions remain as to what ‘viability’ means across different contexts. How is ‘viability’ affected by the Internet and the changing information environments in a knowledge-based economy? For Luhmann, social systems like businesses are coordination systems that do not ‘live’ as viable systems but operate because they relieve human beings from environmental complexity. We situate Beer’s concept of viability with Luhmann’s through analyzing the way that ‘decisions’ shape organizations in an information environment. Howard’s (1971) metagame analysis enables us to consider the ‘viable system’ as an ‘agent system’ producing utterances as moves in a discourse game within the context of its information environment. We discuss how this approach can lead to an accommodation between Beer’s practical orientation and Luhmann’s sociological critique where the relationship between viability, decision and information can be further explored.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Johnson, Mark and Leydesdorff, Loet},
	pages = {23},
}

Beyond the descriptions of ‘viability’ provided by Beer’s Viable System Model, Maturana’s autopoietic theory or Luhmann’s communication theory, questions remain as to what ‘viability’ means across different contexts. How is ‘viability’ affected by the Internet and the changing information environments in a knowledge-based economy? For Luhmann, social systems like businesses are coordination systems that do not ‘live’ as viable systems but operate because they relieve human beings from environmental complexity. We situate Beer’s concept of viability with Luhmann’s through analyzing the way that ‘decisions’ shape organizations in an information environment. Howard’s (1971) metagame analysis enables us to consider the ‘viable system’ as an ‘agent system’ producing utterances as moves in a discourse game within the context of its information environment. We discuss how this approach can lead to an accommodation between Beer’s practical orientation and Luhmann’s sociological critique where the relationship between viability, decision and information can be further explored.

@article{whitaker_tutorial_nodate,
	title = {A {Tutorial} in {Autopoiesis}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Whitaker, Dr Randall},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000001},
	pages = {40},
}

@misc{noauthor_what_nodate,
	title = {What is the {Fluid} {Project}? - {Fluid} - {Fluid} {Project} {Wiki}},
	url = {https://wiki.fluidproject.org/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=3900010},
	urldate = {2020-06-06},
}

@article{busseniers_dissertation_nodate,
	title = {Dissertation submitted for the degree of {Doctor} in the {Interdisciplinary} {Studies}},
	abstract = {In combining anarchist theory with mathematics, this thesis wishes to better understand what power and hierarchy are in order to explore how we can live without coercion. My motivation to study these concepts stems from observing a lack of freedom in contemporary society despite a lack of obvious coercion or clear hierarchical structure.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Busseniers, Evo},
	note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]},
	pages = {270},
}

In combining anarchist theory with mathematics, this thesis wishes to better understand what power and hierarchy are in order to explore how we can live without coercion. My motivation to study these concepts stems from observing a lack of freedom in contemporary society despite a lack of obvious coercion or clear hierarchical structure.

@article{botterman_multidimensional_nodate,
	title = {Multidimensional and {Multiscale} {Analysis} of {Interactions} in {Social} {Systems}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Botterman, Hong-Lan and Lamarche-Perrin, Robin and Latapy, Matthieu and Magnien, Clemence and Panichi, Leonard and Siglidis, Yiannis and Viard, Tiphaine and Wilmet, Audrey},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000000},
	pages = {84},
}