@article{gellner_direct_2020,
	title = {Direct current stimulation-induced synaptic plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex: structure follows function},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1935-861X},
	shorttitle = {Direct current stimulation-induced synaptic plasticity in the sensorimotor cortex},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1935861X19303419},
	doi = {10.1016/j.brs.2019.07.026},
	abstract = {Background
Non-invasive direct current stimulation (DCS) of the brain induces functional plasticity in vitro and facilitates motor learning across species. The effect of DCS on structural synaptic plasticity is currently unknown.
Objective
This study addresses the effects and the underlying mechanisms of anodal DCS on structural plasticity and morphology of dendritic spines in the sensorimotor cortex (M1/S1).
Methods
A DCS electrode setup was combined with a chronic cranial window over M1/S1 in transgenic Thy1-GFP mice, to allow for in vivo 2-photon microscopy and simultaneous DCS. Contralateral electrical forepaw stimulation (eFS) was used to mimic the second synapse specific input, a previously shown requirement to induce functional plasticity by DCS. Changes in spine density and spine morphology were compared between DCS/eFS and sham, as well as two control conditions (sham-DCS/eFS, DCS/sham-eFS). Furthermore, the role of BDNF for stimulation-induced changes in spine density was assessed in heterozygous Thy1-GFP x BDNF+/- mice.
Results
Combined DCS/eFS rapidly increased spine density during stimulation and changes outlasted the intervention for 24 h. This effect was due to increased survival of original spines and a preferential formation of new spines after intervention. The latter were morphologically characterized by larger head sizes. The DCS-induced spine density increase was absent in mice with reduced BDNF expression.
Conclusion
Previous findings of DCS-induced functional synaptic plasticity can be extended to structural plasticity in M1/S1 that similarly depends on a second synaptic input (eFS) and requires physiological BDNF expression. These findings show considerable parallels to motor learning-induced M1 spine dynamics.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-10-04},
	journal = {Brain Stimulation},
	author = {Gellner, Anne-Kathrin and Reis, Janine and Holtick, Carsten and Schubert, Charlotte and Fritsch, Brita},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000006},
	keywords = {Dendritic spine, Noninvasive brain stimulation, Spine morphology, Structural plasticity},
	pages = {80--88},
}

Background Non-invasive direct current stimulation (DCS) of the brain induces functional plasticity in vitro and facilitates motor learning across species. The effect of DCS on structural synaptic plasticity is currently unknown. Objective This study addresses the effects and the underlying mechanisms of anodal DCS on structural plasticity and morphology of dendritic spines in the sensorimotor cortex (M1/S1). Methods A DCS electrode setup was combined with a chronic cranial window over M1/S1 in transgenic Thy1-GFP mice, to allow for in vivo 2-photon microscopy and simultaneous DCS. Contralateral electrical forepaw stimulation (eFS) was used to mimic the second synapse specific input, a previously shown requirement to induce functional plasticity by DCS. Changes in spine density and spine morphology were compared between DCS/eFS and sham, as well as two control conditions (sham-DCS/eFS, DCS/sham-eFS). Furthermore, the role of BDNF for stimulation-induced changes in spine density was assessed in heterozygous Thy1-GFP x BDNF+/- mice. Results Combined DCS/eFS rapidly increased spine density during stimulation and changes outlasted the intervention for 24 h. This effect was due to increased survival of original spines and a preferential formation of new spines after intervention. The latter were morphologically characterized by larger head sizes. The DCS-induced spine density increase was absent in mice with reduced BDNF expression. Conclusion Previous findings of DCS-induced functional synaptic plasticity can be extended to structural plasticity in M1/S1 that similarly depends on a second synaptic input (eFS) and requires physiological BDNF expression. These findings show considerable parallels to motor learning-induced M1 spine dynamics.

@article{di_paolo_enactive_2020,
	title = {Enactive becoming},
	issn = {1572-8676},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11097-019-09654-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s11097-019-09654-1},
	abstract = {The enactive approach provides a perspective on human bodies in their organic, sensorimotor, social, and linguistic dimensions, but many fundamental issues still remain unaddressed. A crucial desideratum for a theory of human bodies is that it be able to account for concrete human becoming. In this article I show that enactive theory possesses resources to achieve this goal. Being an existential structure, human becoming is best approached by a series of progressive formal indications. I discuss three standpoints on human becoming as open, indeterminate, and therefore historical using the voices of Pico della Mirandola, Gordon W. Allport, and Paulo Freire. Drawing on Gilbert Simondon’s philosophy of individuation we move from an existential to an ontological register in looking at modes of embodied becoming. His scheme of interpretation of the relation between modes of individuation allows us to understand human becoming in terms of a tendency to neotenization. I compare this ontology with an enactive theoretical account of the dimensions of embodiment, finding several compatibilities and complementarities. Various forms of bodily unfinishedness in enaction fit the Simondonian ontology and the existential analysis, where transindividuality corresponds to participatory sense-making and Freire’s joint becoming of individuals and communities correlates with the open tensions in linguistic bodies between incorporation and incarnation of linguistic acts. I test some of this ideas by considering the plausibility of artificial bodies and personal becoming from an enactive perspective, using the case of replicants in the film Blade Runner. The conclusion is that any kind of personhood, replicants included, requires living through an actual history of concrete becoming.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-08-24},
	journal = {Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences},
	author = {Di Paolo, Ezequiel A.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Communities, Enaction, Gilbert Simondon, Human becoming, Individuality, Replicants},
}

The enactive approach provides a perspective on human bodies in their organic, sensorimotor, social, and linguistic dimensions, but many fundamental issues still remain unaddressed. A crucial desideratum for a theory of human bodies is that it be able to account for concrete human becoming. In this article I show that enactive theory possesses resources to achieve this goal. Being an existential structure, human becoming is best approached by a series of progressive formal indications. I discuss three standpoints on human becoming as open, indeterminate, and therefore historical using the voices of Pico della Mirandola, Gordon W. Allport, and Paulo Freire. Drawing on Gilbert Simondon’s philosophy of individuation we move from an existential to an ontological register in looking at modes of embodied becoming. His scheme of interpretation of the relation between modes of individuation allows us to understand human becoming in terms of a tendency to neotenization. I compare this ontology with an enactive theoretical account of the dimensions of embodiment, finding several compatibilities and complementarities. Various forms of bodily unfinishedness in enaction fit the Simondonian ontology and the existential analysis, where transindividuality corresponds to participatory sense-making and Freire’s joint becoming of individuals and communities correlates with the open tensions in linguistic bodies between incorporation and incarnation of linguistic acts. I test some of this ideas by considering the plausibility of artificial bodies and personal becoming from an enactive perspective, using the case of replicants in the film Blade Runner. The conclusion is that any kind of personhood, replicants included, requires living through an actual history of concrete becoming.

@article{widge_targeting_2019,
	title = {Targeting {Cognition} and {Networks} {Through} {Neural} {Oscillations}: {Next}-{Generation} {Clinical} {Brain} {Stimulation}},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {2168-622X},
	shorttitle = {Targeting {Cognition} and {Networks} {Through} {Neural} {Oscillations}},
	url = {http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0740},
	doi = {10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0740},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2020-09-24},
	journal = {JAMA Psychiatry},
	author = {Widge, Alik S. and Miller, Earl K.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000006},
	pages = {671},
}

@article{gaspar_unconventional_2019,
	title = {Unconventional settings and uses of human enhancement technologies: {A} non-systematic review of public and experts' views on self-enhancement and {DIY} biology/biohacking risks},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2578-1863},
	shorttitle = {Unconventional settings and uses of human enhancement technologies},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/hbe2.175},
	doi = {10.1002/hbe2.175},
	abstract = {Human enhancement aims at improving individual human performance through science-based or technology-based interventions in the human body. For various decades, associated research and applications/interventions were performed in conventional settings (e.g., research institutes) through conventional regulated and controlled procedures (e.g., clinical trials). In the last decade there has been an emergence of science activities grounded on emerging technologies used in unconventional settings (e.g., households; community labs), often through unconventional unregulated and uncontrolled procedures (e.g., self-administration of substances). The Do-It-Yourself Biology or Biohacking movement is an example of communities supportive of such activities, which use emerging technologies such as the CRISPR technique. Among others, these can have other or self-enhancement goals. Because such activities are anticipated to increase in the future, and due to the methods novelty, lack of regulation, quality, and safety control, there is uncertainty regarding personal and social consequences. Thus, these can be considered to present an emerging risk to human health and the environment. A first step in risk regulation is considering ethical aspects of emerging technologies use, which has been implemented. A second step to sustain subsequent evidence-based risk management and risk communication to citizen scientists, is necessary. It should involve risk assessment by experts and an understanding of public views on human enhancement technologies. Due to the scarce literature, gathering information to support this step was the goal of a non-systematic literature review. This focused on internal enhancements through substances intake and human body manipulations, specifically DIY biology/biohacking activities with this goal.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-06-23},
	journal = {Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies},
	author = {Gaspar, Rui and Rohde, Paul and Giger, Jean-Christophe},
	year = {2019},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000000 
\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hbe2.175},
	keywords = {DIY biology, biohacking, emerging risks, emerging technologies, human enhancement, transhumanism},
	pages = {295--305},
}

Human enhancement aims at improving individual human performance through science-based or technology-based interventions in the human body. For various decades, associated research and applications/interventions were performed in conventional settings (e.g., research institutes) through conventional regulated and controlled procedures (e.g., clinical trials). In the last decade there has been an emergence of science activities grounded on emerging technologies used in unconventional settings (e.g., households; community labs), often through unconventional unregulated and uncontrolled procedures (e.g., self-administration of substances). The Do-It-Yourself Biology or Biohacking movement is an example of communities supportive of such activities, which use emerging technologies such as the CRISPR technique. Among others, these can have other or self-enhancement goals. Because such activities are anticipated to increase in the future, and due to the methods novelty, lack of regulation, quality, and safety control, there is uncertainty regarding personal and social consequences. Thus, these can be considered to present an emerging risk to human health and the environment. A first step in risk regulation is considering ethical aspects of emerging technologies use, which has been implemented. A second step to sustain subsequent evidence-based risk management and risk communication to citizen scientists, is necessary. It should involve risk assessment by experts and an understanding of public views on human enhancement technologies. Due to the scarce literature, gathering information to support this step was the goal of a non-systematic literature review. This focused on internal enhancements through substances intake and human body manipulations, specifically DIY biology/biohacking activities with this goal.

@article{teunisse_human_2019,
	title = {Human enhancement through the lens of experimental and speculative neurotechnologies},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2578-1863},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6919332/},
	doi = {10.1002/hbe2.179},
	abstract = {Human enhancement deals with improving on and overcoming limitations of the human body and mind. Pharmaceutical compounds that alter consciousness and cognitive performance have been used and discussed for a long time. The prospect of neurotechnological applications such as brain‐steered devices or using invasive and noninvasive electromagnetic stimulations of the human brain, however, has received less attention—especially outside of therapeutic practices—and remains relatively unexplored. Reflection and debates about neurotechnology for human enhancement are limited and remain predominantly with neurotech engineers, science‐fiction enthusiasts and a small circle of academics in the field of neuroethics. It is well known, and described as the Collingridge dilemma, that at an early stage of development, changes can easily be enacted, but the need for changes can hardly be foreseen. Once the technology is entrenched, opportunities and risks start to materialize, and the need to adapt and change is clearly visible. However, carrying out these changes at such a late stage, in turn, becomes very difficult, tremendously expensive, and sometimes practically impossible. In this manuscript, we compile and categorize an overview of existing experimental and speculative applications of neurotechnologies, with the aim to find out, if these real or diegetic prototypes could be used to better understand the paths these applications are forging. In particular, we will investigate what kind of tools, motivations, and normative goals underpin experimental implementations by neurohackers, speculative designers and artists.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-06-01},
	journal = {Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies},
	author = {Teunisse, Wessel and Youssef, Sandra and Schmidt, Markus},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {31894206},
	pmcid = {PMC6919332},
	pages = {361--372},
}

Human enhancement deals with improving on and overcoming limitations of the human body and mind. Pharmaceutical compounds that alter consciousness and cognitive performance have been used and discussed for a long time. The prospect of neurotechnological applications such as brain‐steered devices or using invasive and noninvasive electromagnetic stimulations of the human brain, however, has received less attention—especially outside of therapeutic practices—and remains relatively unexplored. Reflection and debates about neurotechnology for human enhancement are limited and remain predominantly with neurotech engineers, science‐fiction enthusiasts and a small circle of academics in the field of neuroethics. It is well known, and described as the Collingridge dilemma, that at an early stage of development, changes can easily be enacted, but the need for changes can hardly be foreseen. Once the technology is entrenched, opportunities and risks start to materialize, and the need to adapt and change is clearly visible. However, carrying out these changes at such a late stage, in turn, becomes very difficult, tremendously expensive, and sometimes practically impossible. In this manuscript, we compile and categorize an overview of existing experimental and speculative applications of neurotechnologies, with the aim to find out, if these real or diegetic prototypes could be used to better understand the paths these applications are forging. In particular, we will investigate what kind of tools, motivations, and normative goals underpin experimental implementations by neurohackers, speculative designers and artists.

@article{jordan_positive_2018,
	title = {Positive {Changes} {Experienced} {After} a {First} {Episode} of {Psychosis}: {A} {Systematic} {Review}},
	volume = {69},
	issn = {1075-2730, 1557-9700},
	shorttitle = {Positive {Changes} {Experienced} {After} a {First} {Episode} of {Psychosis}},
	url = {http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ps.201600586},
	doi = {10.1176/appi.ps.201600586},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-04-02},
	journal = {Psychiatric Services},
	author = {Jordan, Gerald and MacDonald, Kathleen and Pope, Megan A. and Schorr, Emily and Malla, Ashok K. and Iyer, Srividya N.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000012},
	pages = {84--99},
}

@article{sitaram_closed-loop_2017,
	title = {Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback},
	volume = {18},
	copyright = {2016 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
	issn = {1471-0048},
	shorttitle = {Closed-loop brain training},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn.2016.164/},
	doi = {10.1038/nrn.2016.164},
	abstract = {Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback in which neural activity is measured and presented through one or more sensory channels to the participant in real time to facilitate self-regulation of the putative neural substrates that underlie a particular behaviour or pathologyAnimal and human brain self-regulation has been demonstrated using various invasive and non-invasive recording methods and with different features of the brain signals, such as frequency spectra, functional connectivity or spatiotemporal patterns of brain activityNeurofeedback provides the possibility of endogenously manipulating brain activity as an independent variable, making it a powerful neuroscientific toolNeurofeedback training results in specific neural changes relevant to the trained brain circuit and the associated behavioural changes. These changes have been shown to last anywhere from hours to months after training and to correlate with changes in grey and white matter structureThe underlying neural circuitry relating to the process of brain self-regulation is becoming clearer. Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of the thalamus and the dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal and occipital cortices in neurofeedback control, and the dorsal and ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula in neurofeedback reward processingPsychological factors, such as the differential influence of feedback, reward and experimental instructions, and other factors, such as sense of agency and locus of control, are now being investigated for their effects on neurofeedbackThe demonstration of robust clinical effects remains a major hurdle in neurofeedback research. The results of randomized controlled trials in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and stroke rehabilitation have been mixed, and have been affected by differences in study design, difficulty of identifying responders and the scarcity of homogenous patient populationsFuture neurofeedback research will probably clarify the psychological and neural mechanisms that may help to address issues in clinical translation},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-10-04},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Neuroscience},
	author = {Sitaram, Ranganatha and Ros, Tomas and Stoeckel, Luke and Haller, Sven and Scharnowski, Frank and Lewis-Peacock, Jarrod and Weiskopf, Nikolaus and Blefari, Maria Laura and Rana, Mohit and Oblak, Ethan and Birbaumer, Niels and Sulzer, James},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000399 
Number: 2
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {86--100},
}

Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback in which neural activity is measured and presented through one or more sensory channels to the participant in real time to facilitate self-regulation of the putative neural substrates that underlie a particular behaviour or pathologyAnimal and human brain self-regulation has been demonstrated using various invasive and non-invasive recording methods and with different features of the brain signals, such as frequency spectra, functional connectivity or spatiotemporal patterns of brain activityNeurofeedback provides the possibility of endogenously manipulating brain activity as an independent variable, making it a powerful neuroscientific toolNeurofeedback training results in specific neural changes relevant to the trained brain circuit and the associated behavioural changes. These changes have been shown to last anywhere from hours to months after training and to correlate with changes in grey and white matter structureThe underlying neural circuitry relating to the process of brain self-regulation is becoming clearer. Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of the thalamus and the dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal and occipital cortices in neurofeedback control, and the dorsal and ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula in neurofeedback reward processingPsychological factors, such as the differential influence of feedback, reward and experimental instructions, and other factors, such as sense of agency and locus of control, are now being investigated for their effects on neurofeedbackThe demonstration of robust clinical effects remains a major hurdle in neurofeedback research. The results of randomized controlled trials in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and stroke rehabilitation have been mixed, and have been affected by differences in study design, difficulty of identifying responders and the scarcity of homogenous patient populationsFuture neurofeedback research will probably clarify the psychological and neural mechanisms that may help to address issues in clinical translation

@article{giordano_mechanisms_2017,
	title = {Mechanisms and {Effects} of {Transcranial} {Direct} {Current} {Stimulation}},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1559-3258},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/1559325816685467},
	doi = {10.1177/1559325816685467},
	abstract = {The US Air Force Office of Scientific Research convened a meeting of researchers in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, engineering, and medicine to discuss most pressing issues facing ongoing research in the field of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and related techniques. In this study, we present opinions prepared by participants of the meeting, focusing on the most promising areas of research, immediate and future goals for the field, and the potential for hormesis theory to inform tDCS research. Scientific, medical, and ethical considerations support the ongoing testing of tDCS in healthy and clinical populations, provided best protocols are used to maximize safety. Notwithstanding the need for ongoing research, promising applications include enhancing vigilance/attention in healthy volunteers, which can accelerate training and support learning. Commonly, tDCS is used as an adjunct to training/rehabilitation tasks with the goal of leftward shift in the learning/treatment effect curves. Although trials are encouraging, elucidating the basic mechanisms of tDCS will accelerate validation and adoption. To this end, biomarkers (eg, clinical neuroimaging and findings from animal models) can support hypotheses linking neurobiological mechanisms and behavioral effects. Dosage can be optimized using computational models of current flow and understanding dose?response. Both biomarkers and dosimetry should guide individualized interventions with the goal of reducing variability. Insights from other applied energy domains, including ionizing radiation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and low-level laser (light) therapy, can be prudently leveraged.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-08-11},
	journal = {Dose-Response},
	author = {Giordano, James and Bikson, Marom and Kappenman, Emily S. and Clark, Vincent P. and Coslett, H. Branch and Hamblin, Michael R. and Hamilton, Roy and Jankord, Ryan and Kozumbo, Walter J. and McKinley, R. Andrew and Nitsche, Michael A. and Reilly, J. Patrick and Richardson, Jessica and Wurzman, Rachel and Calabrese, Edward},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0] 
Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
	pages = {1559325816685467},
}

The US Air Force Office of Scientific Research convened a meeting of researchers in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, engineering, and medicine to discuss most pressing issues facing ongoing research in the field of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and related techniques. In this study, we present opinions prepared by participants of the meeting, focusing on the most promising areas of research, immediate and future goals for the field, and the potential for hormesis theory to inform tDCS research. Scientific, medical, and ethical considerations support the ongoing testing of tDCS in healthy and clinical populations, provided best protocols are used to maximize safety. Notwithstanding the need for ongoing research, promising applications include enhancing vigilance/attention in healthy volunteers, which can accelerate training and support learning. Commonly, tDCS is used as an adjunct to training/rehabilitation tasks with the goal of leftward shift in the learning/treatment effect curves. Although trials are encouraging, elucidating the basic mechanisms of tDCS will accelerate validation and adoption. To this end, biomarkers (eg, clinical neuroimaging and findings from animal models) can support hypotheses linking neurobiological mechanisms and behavioral effects. Dosage can be optimized using computational models of current flow and understanding dose?response. Both biomarkers and dosimetry should guide individualized interventions with the goal of reducing variability. Insights from other applied energy domains, including ionizing radiation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and low-level laser (light) therapy, can be prudently leveraged.

@article{de_villers-sidani_neuroplastic_2016,
	title = {Neuroplastic {Mechanisms} {Underlying} {Perceptual} and {Cognitive} {Enhancement}},
	volume = {2016},
	issn = {2090-5904, 1687-5443},
	url = {http://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2016/6238571/},
	doi = {10.1155/2016/6238571},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-17},
	journal = {Neural Plasticity},
	author = {de Villers-Sidani, Etienne and Mishra, Jyoti and Zhou, Xiaoming and Voss, Patrice},
	year = {2016},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000000},
	pages = {1--2},
}

@article{moran_understanding_2016,
	title = {Understanding {Universal} {Elements} in {Mental} {Health} {Recovery}: {A} {Cross}-{Examination} of {Peer} {Providers} and a {Non}-{Clinical} {Sample}},
	volume = {26},
	issn = {1049-7323, 1552-7557},
	shorttitle = {Understanding {Universal} {Elements} in {Mental} {Health} {Recovery}},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049732315570124},
	doi = {10.1177/1049732315570124},
	abstract = {In our study, we examined underlying human elements embedded in mental health recovery, by exploring shared positive change among peer providers with serious mental illnesses in recovery and a normative sample in spiritual growth following adversity. We conducted secondary analysis based on two independent qualitative study samples consisting of 31 American peer providers and 27 Israeli adults. We identified three shared and two distinct enablers of positive change: peer groups, significant mentor, self-transcendent experiences. Distinct enablers were having meaningful task/role (clinical sample) and deliberate choice to commit to change in face of uncertainty (non-clinical sample). Enablers facilitated positive processes of meaning making and enhancement of agency. Enablers provided opportunities to which the person responded and made use of—thus, enacting a positive reinforcement of change processes. The findings highlight the value of examining mental health recovery in a broad holistic perspective and have implications for practice.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2020-03-19},
	journal = {Qualitative Health Research},
	author = {Moran, Galia and Russo-Netzer, Pninit},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {273--287},
}

In our study, we examined underlying human elements embedded in mental health recovery, by exploring shared positive change among peer providers with serious mental illnesses in recovery and a normative sample in spiritual growth following adversity. We conducted secondary analysis based on two independent qualitative study samples consisting of 31 American peer providers and 27 Israeli adults. We identified three shared and two distinct enablers of positive change: peer groups, significant mentor, self-transcendent experiences. Distinct enablers were having meaningful task/role (clinical sample) and deliberate choice to commit to change in face of uncertainty (non-clinical sample). Enablers facilitated positive processes of meaning making and enhancement of agency. Enablers provided opportunities to which the person responded and made use of—thus, enacting a positive reinforcement of change processes. The findings highlight the value of examining mental health recovery in a broad holistic perspective and have implications for practice.

@article{micoulaud_neuroenhancement_2015,
	title = {Neuroenhancement in {Healthy} {Adults}, {Part} {I}: {Pharmaceutical} {Cognitive} {Enhancement}: {A} {Systematic} {Review}},
	volume = {06},
	issn = {21559627},
	shorttitle = {Neuroenhancement in {Healthy} {Adults}, {Part} {I}},
	url = {https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/neuroenhancement-in-healthy-adults-part-i-pharmaceutical-cognitiveenhancement-a-systematic-review-2155-9627-1000213.php?aid=51586},
	doi = {10.4172/2155-9627.1000213},
	abstract = {The term neuroenhancement refers to improvement in the cognitive, emotional and motivational functions of healthy individuals through inter alia, the use of drugs. This popular topic attracts attention both from the general public and the scientific community. Our objective is to summarize in a synthetic review the data of randomized placebo-controlled trials that assessed cognitive effects of administration of neuroenhancers in non-sleep-deprived healthy adults compared to placebo. The major outcomes were attention, memory, learning, executive functions, and vigilance/wakefulness. Details on the pharmacological profile, effectiveness and safety for each drug are provided. We classify them according to their recognized major primary mode of action, namely catecholaminergics (methylphenidate, modafinil, amphetamines, tolcapone, pramipexole, guanfacine, antidepressants), cholinergics (nicotine, varenicline, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, anticholinergics), glutamatergics (ampakines, memantine, Dcycloserine), histaminergics, and non-specified (caffeine, racetams/phosphodiesterase inhibitors and glucocorticoids).},
	language = {en},
	number = {02},
	urldate = {2020-04-02},
	journal = {Journal of Clinical Research \& Bioethics},
	author = {Micoulaud, Fond G},
	year = {2015},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000019},
}

The term neuroenhancement refers to improvement in the cognitive, emotional and motivational functions of healthy individuals through inter alia, the use of drugs. This popular topic attracts attention both from the general public and the scientific community. Our objective is to summarize in a synthetic review the data of randomized placebo-controlled trials that assessed cognitive effects of administration of neuroenhancers in non-sleep-deprived healthy adults compared to placebo. The major outcomes were attention, memory, learning, executive functions, and vigilance/wakefulness. Details on the pharmacological profile, effectiveness and safety for each drug are provided. We classify them according to their recognized major primary mode of action, namely catecholaminergics (methylphenidate, modafinil, amphetamines, tolcapone, pramipexole, guanfacine, antidepressants), cholinergics (nicotine, varenicline, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, anticholinergics), glutamatergics (ampakines, memantine, Dcycloserine), histaminergics, and non-specified (caffeine, racetams/phosphodiesterase inhibitors and glucocorticoids).

@article{clark_neuroenhancement_2014,
	series = {Neuro-enhancement},
	title = {Neuroenhancement: {Enhancing} brain and mind in health and in disease},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {1053-8119},
	shorttitle = {Neuroenhancement},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811913009385},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.071},
	abstract = {Humans have long used cognitive enhancement methods to expand the proficiency and range of the various mental activities that they engage in, including writing to store and retrieve information, and computers that allow them to perform myriad activities that are now commonplace in the internet age. Neuroenhancement describes the use of neuroscience-based techniques for enhancing cognitive function by acting directly on the human brain and nervous system, altering its properties to increase performance. Cognitive neuroscience has now reached the point where it may begin to put theory derived from years of experimentation into practice. This special issue includes 16 articles that employ or examine a variety of neuroenhancement methods currently being developed to increase cognition in healthy people and in patients with neurological or psychiatric illness. This includes transcranial electromagnetic stimulation methods, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), along with deep brain stimulation, neurofeedback, behavioral training techniques, and these and other techniques in conjunction with neuroimaging. These methods can be used to improve attention, perception, memory and other forms of cognition in healthy individuals, leading to better performance in many aspects of everyday life. They may also reduce the cost, duration and overall impact of brain and mental illness in patients with neurological and psychiatric illness. Potential disadvantages of these techniques are also discussed. Given that the benefits of neuroenhancement outweigh the potential costs, these methods could potentially reduce suffering and improve quality of life for everyone, while further increasing our knowledge about the mechanisms of human cognition.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-24},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	author = {Clark, Vincent P. and Parasuraman, Raja},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000102},
	pages = {889--894},
}

Humans have long used cognitive enhancement methods to expand the proficiency and range of the various mental activities that they engage in, including writing to store and retrieve information, and computers that allow them to perform myriad activities that are now commonplace in the internet age. Neuroenhancement describes the use of neuroscience-based techniques for enhancing cognitive function by acting directly on the human brain and nervous system, altering its properties to increase performance. Cognitive neuroscience has now reached the point where it may begin to put theory derived from years of experimentation into practice. This special issue includes 16 articles that employ or examine a variety of neuroenhancement methods currently being developed to increase cognition in healthy people and in patients with neurological or psychiatric illness. This includes transcranial electromagnetic stimulation methods, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), along with deep brain stimulation, neurofeedback, behavioral training techniques, and these and other techniques in conjunction with neuroimaging. These methods can be used to improve attention, perception, memory and other forms of cognition in healthy individuals, leading to better performance in many aspects of everyday life. They may also reduce the cost, duration and overall impact of brain and mental illness in patients with neurological and psychiatric illness. Potential disadvantages of these techniques are also discussed. Given that the benefits of neuroenhancement outweigh the potential costs, these methods could potentially reduce suffering and improve quality of life for everyone, while further increasing our knowledge about the mechanisms of human cognition.

@article{bernini_interdisciplinarity_2014,
	title = {Interdisciplinarity as cognitive integration: auditory verbal hallucinations as a case study},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1939-5086},
	shorttitle = {Interdisciplinarity as cognitive integration},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcs.1305},
	doi = {10.1002/wcs.1305},
	abstract = {In this article, we advocate a bottom-up direction for the methodological modeling of interdisciplinary research based on concrete interactions among individuals within interdisciplinary projects. Drawing on our experience in Hearing the Voice (a cross-disciplinary project on auditory verbal hallucinations running at Durham University), we focus on the dynamic if also problematic integration of cognitive science (neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and of mind), phenomenology, and humanistic disciplines (literature, narratology, history, and theology). We propose a new model for disciplinary integration which brings to the fore an under-investigated dynamic of interdisciplinary projects, namely their being processes of distributed cognition and cognitive integration. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:603–612. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1305 This article is categorized under: Philosophy {\textgreater} Knowledge and Belief},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-06-18},
	journal = {WIREs Cognitive Science},
	author = {Bernini, Marco and Woods, Angela},
	year = {2014},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000008 
\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/wcs.1305},
	keywords = {***},
	pages = {603--612},
}

In this article, we advocate a bottom-up direction for the methodological modeling of interdisciplinary research based on concrete interactions among individuals within interdisciplinary projects. Drawing on our experience in Hearing the Voice (a cross-disciplinary project on auditory verbal hallucinations running at Durham University), we focus on the dynamic if also problematic integration of cognitive science (neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and of mind), phenomenology, and humanistic disciplines (literature, narratology, history, and theology). We propose a new model for disciplinary integration which brings to the fore an under-investigated dynamic of interdisciplinary projects, namely their being processes of distributed cognition and cognitive integration. WIREs Cogn Sci 2014, 5:603–612. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1305 This article is categorized under: Philosophy \textgreater Knowledge and Belief

@article{brem_is_2014,
	title = {Is neuroenhancement by noninvasive brain stimulation a net zero-sum proposition?},
	volume = {85},
	issn = {10538119},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1053811913007945},
	doi = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.038},
	abstract = {In the past several years, the number of studies investigating enhancement of cognitive functions through noninvasive brain stimulation (NBS) has increased considerably. NBS techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial current stimulation, seem capable of enhancing cognitive functions in patients and in healthy humans, particularly when combined with other interventions, including pharmacologic, behavioral and cognitive therapies. The “net zero-sum model”, based on the assumption that brain resources are subjected to the physical principle of conservation of energy, is one of the theoretical frameworks proposed to account for such enhancement of function and its potential cost. We argue that to guide future neuroenhancement studies, the net-zero sum concept is helpful, but only if its limits are tightly defined.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-07-02},
	journal = {NeuroImage},
	author = {Brem, Anna-Katharine and Fried, Peter J. and Horvath, Jared C. and Robertson, Edwin M. and Pascual-Leone, Alvaro},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {1058--1068},
}

In the past several years, the number of studies investigating enhancement of cognitive functions through noninvasive brain stimulation (NBS) has increased considerably. NBS techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial current stimulation, seem capable of enhancing cognitive functions in patients and in healthy humans, particularly when combined with other interventions, including pharmacologic, behavioral and cognitive therapies. The “net zero-sum model”, based on the assumption that brain resources are subjected to the physical principle of conservation of energy, is one of the theoretical frameworks proposed to account for such enhancement of function and its potential cost. We argue that to guide future neuroenhancement studies, the net-zero sum concept is helpful, but only if its limits are tightly defined.

@article{garland_transdiagnostic_2014,
	title = {A {Transdiagnostic} {Perspective} on {Cognitive}, {Affective}, and {Neurobiological} {Processes} {Underlying} {Human} {Suffering}},
	volume = {24},
	issn = {1049-7315, 1552-7581},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1049731513503909},
	doi = {10.1177/1049731513503909},
	abstract = {The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases classify mental health disorders on the basis of their putatively distinct symptom profiles. Although these nosologies are highly influential, they also have been derided as mere ‘‘field guides’’ because they focus solely on the superficial symptomatic expression of psychiatric syndromes rather than on the commonalities underlying psychiatric disorders. Recently, an alternative transdiagnostic perspective has emerged. This review addresses transdiagnostic processes that underlie a wide range of psychosocial problems commonly addressed by social work practitioners. First, we describe how the transdiagnostic perspective differs from categorical views of psychopathology and accords more closely with scientific evidence. Next, we review current experimental psychopathology and neuroscience research to detail the cognitive, affective, and neurobiological features of five transdiagnostic processes. Finally, we discuss how the transdiagnostic perspective may improve therapeutic outcomes and guide the implementation of targeted social work interventions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-03-19},
	journal = {Research on Social Work Practice},
	author = {Garland, Eric L. and Howard, Matthew O.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {142--151},
}

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases classify mental health disorders on the basis of their putatively distinct symptom profiles. Although these nosologies are highly influential, they also have been derided as mere ‘‘field guides’’ because they focus solely on the superficial symptomatic expression of psychiatric syndromes rather than on the commonalities underlying psychiatric disorders. Recently, an alternative transdiagnostic perspective has emerged. This review addresses transdiagnostic processes that underlie a wide range of psychosocial problems commonly addressed by social work practitioners. First, we describe how the transdiagnostic perspective differs from categorical views of psychopathology and accords more closely with scientific evidence. Next, we review current experimental psychopathology and neuroscience research to detail the cognitive, affective, and neurobiological features of five transdiagnostic processes. Finally, we discuss how the transdiagnostic perspective may improve therapeutic outcomes and guide the implementation of targeted social work interventions.

@article{mithoefer_durability_2013,
	title = {Durability of improvement in post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and absence of harmful effects or drug dependency after 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy: a prospective long-term follow-up study},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {0269-8811, 1461-7285},
	shorttitle = {Durability of improvement in post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and absence of harmful effects or drug dependency after 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy},
	url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0269881112456611},
	doi = {10.1177/0269881112456611},
	abstract = {We report follow-up data evaluating the long-term outcomes for the first completed trial of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for chronic, treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Mithoefer et al., 2011). All of the 19 subjects who received MDMA-assisted treatment in the original trial participated in the long-term follow-up (LTFU), with 16 out of 19 completing all of the long-term outcome measures, which were administered from 17 to 74 months after the original study’s final MDMA session (mean = 45.4; SD = 17.3). Our primary outcome measure used was the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Secondary outcome measures were the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Neuroticism Extroversion Oppenness Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) Personality Inventory. We also collected a long-term follow-up questionnaire. Results for the 16 CAPS completers showed there were no statistical differences between mean CAPS score at LTFU (mean = 23.7; SD = 22.8) (tmatched = 0.1; df = 15, p = 0.91) and the mean CAPS score previously obtained at Study Exit (mean = 24.6, SD = 18.6). On average, subjects maintained statistically and clinically-significant gains in symptom relief, although two of these subjects did relapse. It was promising that we found the majority of these subjects with previously severe PTSD who were unresponsive to existing treatments had symptomatic relief provided by MDMA-assisted psychotherapy that persisted over time, with no subjects reporting harm from participation in the study.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-04-02},
	journal = {Journal of Psychopharmacology},
	author = {Mithoefer, Michael C and Wagner, Mark T and Mithoefer, Ann T and Jerome, Lisa and Martin, Scott F and Yazar-Klosinski, Berra and Michel, Yvonne and Brewerton, Timothy D and Doblin, Rick},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	note = {ZSCC: NoCitationData[s0]},
	pages = {28--39},
}

We report follow-up data evaluating the long-term outcomes for the first completed trial of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy for chronic, treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Mithoefer et al., 2011). All of the 19 subjects who received MDMA-assisted treatment in the original trial participated in the long-term follow-up (LTFU), with 16 out of 19 completing all of the long-term outcome measures, which were administered from 17 to 74 months after the original study’s final MDMA session (mean = 45.4; SD = 17.3). Our primary outcome measure used was the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Secondary outcome measures were the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Neuroticism Extroversion Oppenness Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) Personality Inventory. We also collected a long-term follow-up questionnaire. Results for the 16 CAPS completers showed there were no statistical differences between mean CAPS score at LTFU (mean = 23.7; SD = 22.8) (tmatched = 0.1; df = 15, p = 0.91) and the mean CAPS score previously obtained at Study Exit (mean = 24.6, SD = 18.6). On average, subjects maintained statistically and clinically-significant gains in symptom relief, although two of these subjects did relapse. It was promising that we found the majority of these subjects with previously severe PTSD who were unresponsive to existing treatments had symptomatic relief provided by MDMA-assisted psychotherapy that persisted over time, with no subjects reporting harm from participation in the study.

@article{gruzelier_theory_2009,
	title = {A theory of alpha/theta neurofeedback, creative performance enhancement, long distance functional connectivity and psychological integration},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1612-4782, 1612-4790},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10339-008-0248-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s10339-008-0248-5},
	language = {en},
	number = {S1},
	urldate = {2020-10-06},
	journal = {Cognitive Processing},
	author = {Gruzelier, John},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000259},
	pages = {101--109},
}

@book{holland_ecstasy_2001,
	title = {Ecstasy: {The} {Complete} {Guide}: {A} {Comprehensive} {Look} at the {Risks} and {Benefits} of {MDMA}},
	isbn = {978-0-89281-857-0},
	shorttitle = {Ecstasy},
	abstract = {• The world's leading experts on Ecstasy assess its therapeutic potential, social implications, and the dangers of unsupervised use.  • Includes chapters by Andrew Weil, Ralph Metzner, Douglas Rushkoff, Rabbi Zalman Schachter, Rick Doblin, and others.  • An ideal guide for parents and educators seeking a credible source of information.  Use of the drug Ecstasy, once confined to the teen rave scene and college campuses, is exploding across America, from high schools to upscale clubs. Described by users as the most intense euphoria they know and by detractors as a cause of brain damage and even death, Ecstasy has generated unprecedented levels of interest-and misinformation.  Written by the world's leading experts on MDMA, Ecstasy: The Complete Guide takes the first unbiased look at the risks and the benefits of this unique drug, including the science of how it works; its promise as a treatment for depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, and other illnesses; and how to minimize the risk of illicit use. Whether you are a raver, a concerned parent, or a professional wanting the most recent reports on MDMA research, Ecstasy: The Complete Guide provides the answers you need.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Inner Traditions / Bear \& Co},
	author = {Holland, Julie},
	month = aug,
	year = {2001},
	note = {ZSCC: 0000164 
Google-Books-ID: CUCcyklcO00C},
	keywords = {Body, Mind \& Spirit / Entheogens \& Visionary Substances, Body, Mind \& Spirit / General, Body, Mind \& Spirit / Healing / General, Medical / Pain Medicine, Medical / Pharmacology, Medical / Reference, Self-Help / Spiritual},
}

• The world's leading experts on Ecstasy assess its therapeutic potential, social implications, and the dangers of unsupervised use. • Includes chapters by Andrew Weil, Ralph Metzner, Douglas Rushkoff, Rabbi Zalman Schachter, Rick Doblin, and others. • An ideal guide for parents and educators seeking a credible source of information. Use of the drug Ecstasy, once confined to the teen rave scene and college campuses, is exploding across America, from high schools to upscale clubs. Described by users as the most intense euphoria they know and by detractors as a cause of brain damage and even death, Ecstasy has generated unprecedented levels of interest-and misinformation. Written by the world's leading experts on MDMA, Ecstasy: The Complete Guide takes the first unbiased look at the risks and the benefits of this unique drug, including the science of how it works; its promise as a treatment for depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, and other illnesses; and how to minimize the risk of illicit use. Whether you are a raver, a concerned parent, or a professional wanting the most recent reports on MDMA research, Ecstasy: The Complete Guide provides the answers you need.

@misc{noauthor_mdma_nodate,
	title = {{MDMA} as a {Probe} and {Treatment} for {Social} {Behaviors} {\textbar} {Elsevier} {Enhanced} {Reader}},
	url = {https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0092867416308534?token=E843A74D58F59084BBED34EFB6B114EACE6C91FAEF1936B2F236B7275EB90D3060E5839976AFB31AAF6970523CCD405A},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-10-06},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.045},
}

@misc{noauthor_drug_nodate,
	title = {Drug discovery strategies and the preclinical development of {D}-amino-acid oxidase inhibitors as antipsychotic therapies: {Expert} {Opinion} on {Drug} {Discovery}: {Vol} 13, {No} 10},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17460441.2018.1524459},
	urldate = {2020-08-18},
}

@misc{noauthor_when_nodate,
	title = {When the {Brain} {Leaves} the {Scanner} and {Enters} the {Clinic}: {The} {Role} of {Neuroscientific} {Discourses} in {Producing} the {Problem} of “{Addiction}” - {Anthony} {Barnett}, {Ella} {Dilkes}-{Frayne}, {Michael} {Savic}, {Adrian} {Carter}, 2018},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0091450918774918},
	urldate = {2020-06-23},
}

@article{marks_psychedelic_nodate,
	title = {{PSYCHEDELIC} {MEDICINE} {FOR} {MENTAL} {ILLNESS} {AND} {SUBSTANCE} {USE} {DISORDERS}: {OVERCOMING} {SOCIAL} {AND} {LEGAL} {OBSTACLES}},
	volume = {21},
	language = {en},
	journal = {LEGISLATION AND PUBLIC POLICY},
	author = {Marks, Mason},
	pages = {72},
}